Half Width Research Articles

Development and application of a three-dimensional pseudo-Voigt function for muon spin relaxation analysis of weakly magnetic materials.

We present a three-dimensional pseudo-Voigt function to analyze muon spin relaxation (μSR) in weakly magnetic materials. Our approach approximates the Voigt function by superimposing Gaussian and Lorentzian functions using a one-dimensional method proposed by Di Rocco and Cruzado [Acta Phys. Pol., A 122, 666 (2012)]. We derive the peak of the Voigt function analytically and express the Half Width at Half Maximum (HWHM) of the Voigt function as a function of the HWHMs of the Gaussian and Lorentzian functions. We compare the pseudo-Voigt function to the exact Voigt function and find a maximum normalized discrepancy of ∼20% at the tail of the distribution function, depending on the ratio of Lorentzian to Gaussian HWHMs and internal magnetic field. We apply the derived three-dimensional pseudo-Voigt function to calculate μSR functions for zero- and longitudinal-field experiments and use them to fit μSR time spectra of La2-xSrxCuO4 with 2.4% Sr, employing a strong collision model with the static-based pseudo-Voigt muon spin relaxation function as the initial condition. Our results show that the Gaussian- and Lorentzian-fitted parameters and fluctuation rate are in good agreement with results from the exact Voigt function for a temperature range of 30-200K, with the deviation of Gaussian and Lorentzian width parameters reaching ∼0.15G below 30K.

Development of laser-arc hybrid welding process of butt joint for bogie pipe crossbeam components

High-speed railway vehicle bogies are the main load-bearing components, which are welded together from steel plates and tubes. Butt joint and T-joint are the main types and the joint thickness is between 8–20mm. The stability of laser-arc hybrid welding (LAHW) process correlated strongly with keyhole behaviour. In this paper, the common quality defects in full penetration root pass by LAHW were analysed. Controlling the root gap is adopted to stabilize the keyhole, to improve the stability of weld quality. A novel type of butt joint with micro structure based on Y-shaped grooves has been designed, to meet both the requirement of controlling root gap and industrial large-scale batch production. Two new structure parameters, 2 mm of the remaining blunt edge thickness and 0.3 mm of the half width of root opening, were proved by the flat plates welding test. Finally, the joint with micro structure and the root pass welding parameters were transferred to the welding process of tube crossbeam components. The LAHW process verification was completed, and the test results showed the process meets the requirements of ISO 15614.

Large eddy simulation of a turbulent channel flow using dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid scale model and differential equation wall model

A large eddy simulation (LES) is conducted in a plane channel flow which is turbulent. For understanding the mechanism of the turbulent motion more efficiently, the present study is an attempt to conduct the LES using a Dynamic Smagorinsky Model (DSM) and a Differential Equation Wall Model (DEWM). DSM is a subgrid-scale model and DEWM is for approximating the near wall layer. The simulation is performed in a domain of 2 π δ × 2 δ × π δwhich is discretized by 32 × 20 × 32grid points where δ is the channel half width. The discretization techniques have been used in the simulation, are the 3rd order low storage R-K method in time and 2nd order finite difference formulation in space. To assess the performance of the LES with DSM and DEWM, the simulation results are compared with direct numerical simulation (DNS) data and LES data using Standard Smagorinsky Model (SSM). Comparing the results in the essential turbulence statistical field it has been found that DSM performs better than SSM in most of the cases and shows better agreement with the DNS results. Flow structures in the turbulent flow field are compared in isosurfaces and contour plots, and found that tube-like vortical structures are randomly distributed over the entire flow field, and the number of the vortical structures are more for the DSM case than that of SSM.

Influence of Magnetic Field and Temperature on Half Width at Half Maximum of Multi-photon Absorption Spectrum in Two-dimensional Graphene

Influence of Magnetic Field and Temperature on Half Width at Half Maximum of Multi-photon Absorption Spectrum in Two-dimensional Graphene

Bayesian History Matching Applied to the Calibration of a Gravity Wave Parameterization

AbstractBreaking atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) in the tropical stratosphere are essential in driving the roughly 2‐year oscillation of zonal winds in this region known as the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO). As Global Climate Models (GCM)s are not typically able to directly resolve the spectrum of waves required to drive the QBO, parameterizations are necessary. Such parameterizations often require knowledge of poorly constrained physical parameters. In the case of the spectral gravity parameterization used in this work, these parameters are the total equatorial GW stress and the half width of phase speed distribution. Radiosonde observations are used to obtain the period and amplitude of the QBO, which are compared against values obtained from a GCM. We utilize two established calibration techniques to obtain estimates of the range of plausible parameter values: History matching & Ensemble Kalman Inversion (EKI). History matching is found to reduce the size of the initial range of plausible parameters by a factor of 98%, requiring only 60 model integrations. EKI cannot natively provide any uncertainty quantification but is able to produce a single best estimate of the calibrated values in 25 integrations. When directly comparing the approaches using the Calibrate, Emulate, Sample method to produce a posterior estimate from EKI, history matching produces more compact posteriors with fewer model integrations at lower ensemble sizes compared to EKI; however, these differences become less apparent at higher ensemble sizes.

GIARPS High-resolution Observations of T Tauri stars (GHOsT)

Aims. This paper aims to revisit the kinematical and physical properties of the warm (T ~ 5000–10 000 K) atomic gas in the inner disk (<5 au) region of classical T Tauri stars (CTTs) and relate them to the properties of the outer dusty disk resolved with ALMA. We also want to define constraints for the mass-loss in the inner atomic winds and jets to assess their role in the evolution and dispersal of planet-forming disks. Methods. We used the high resolution (R = 115 000, ~2.6 km s−1) spectra of 36 CTTs observed as part of the GIARPS High-resolution Observations of T Tauri stars (GHOsT) project and analysed the profile and luminosity of the brightest optical forbidden lines, namely [O I] 630 nm, [O I] 557 nm, [S II] 406 nm, [S II] 673 nm, and [N II] 658 nm. Results. We decomposed the line profiles into different velocity components, and concentrated our analysis mostly on the so-called narrow low-velocity component (NLVC). We find that about 40% of sources display a NLVC peak velocity (Vp) compatible with the stellar velocity. These include the transitional disks (TD) and typically show a single low velocity component (LVC), lower mass accretion rates, and the absence of a jet. They therefore might represent later evolutionary stages where the emission from the disk is dominant with respect to the wind contribution. No difference in kinematical properties was instead found between sources with full disks and disks with substructures as resolved by ALMA. The [O I] 630 nm profiles peaking at the stellar velocity are well fitted by a simple Keplerian disk model, where the emission line region extends from ~0.01 au up to several tens of au in some cases. The [O I] emission is detected inside the sub-millimetre dust cavities of all the TDs. No correlation is found between Rkep, derived from the line half width at half maximum (HWHM), and the size of the dust cavity. We see an anti-correlation between the [O I] 557/630 nm ratio and Rkep, which suggests that the [O I] emitting region expands as the gas dominating the emission cools and becomes less dense. We confirmed previous findings that the line ratios observed in the LVC, if compared with a thermal single temperature and density model, imply ne ~ 106–108 cm−3 and Te ~ 5000–10 000 K, and additionally constrained the ionisation fraction in the NLVC to be xe < 0.1. We however discuss the limits of applying this diagnostic to winds that are not spatially resolved. Conclusions. The emission from the disk should be considered as an important contribution to the forbidden line emission in CTTs. Also, the clearing of warm atomic gas from the upper disk layers does not seem to follow the dispersal of the bulk of molecular gas and dust during late disk evolution. For the outflow component, we estimated the mass-loss for both the disk winds and jets. We conclude that without better knowledge of the wind geometry and spatial extent, and given the limitation of the diagnostics, the mass-loss rates in the wind traced by the blue shifted LVC cannot be constrained better than a factor of 100, with a Ṁwind/Ṁacc spanning between ~0.01 and more than 1. When compared with synthetic [O I] 630 nm images of X-ray photoevaporation models, the estimated Ṁwind represents a lower limit to the total mass-loss rate of the model, indicating that [O I] 630 nm is likely not the best tracer to probe mass-loss in low-velocity winds.

Results of evaluation of young pigs of the large white breed for fattening and meat qualities using some mathematical models of evaluation indices

This work aimed to investigate the fattening and meat qualities of young pigs of the large white breed using some mathematical models of evaluation indices. The experimental part of the work was carried out at the “Druzhba-Kaznacheivka” gas station of the Dnipropetrovsk region, the “Jazz” meat processing plant, as well as the animal husbandry laboratory of the State Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. Evaluation of young pigs for fattening and meat qualities was carried out taking into account the following quantitative characteristics: average daily gain of live weight during the period of control fattening, g; age of reaching 100 kg live weight, days; fat thickness at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae, mm; length of the cooled carcass cm; the size of the bacon half of the chilled half-carcass, see The comprehensive evaluation of young pigs for fattening and meat qualities was carried out according to the Tyler and СІ4. Biometric processing of research results was carried out according to generally accepted methods. It was established that the difference between animals of different intrabreed differentiation according to B. Tyler's index is reliable and is: according to the average daily gain of live weight 64.2 g (td = 9.19), the age of reaching 100 kg live weight is 5.9 days (td = 4.04), the thickness of lard at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae is 2.60 mm (td = 5.30), the length of the chilled carcass is 1.9 cm (td = 3.39), the size of the bacon half of the chilled half carcass is 2.5 cm (td = 2.80). According to the largest (front) width of the bacon half of the chilled half carcass and the smallest (back) width of the bacon half of the chilled half carcass, the difference between the animals of the experimental groups is 2.6 cm (td = 3.29) and 1.5 cm (td = 2.20), respectively. Intrabreed differentiation according to the selection index “СІ4” indicates the existence of a reliable difference between the groups in terms of average daily gain of live weight (60.0 g; td = 7.45), age of reaching 100 kg live weight (6.2 days; td = 4.30) and fat thickness at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae (2.9 mm; td = 6.44). The pairwise correlation coefficient between Tyler B.'s index, selection index “CI4”, fattening and meat qualities of young pigs of the large white breed varies from -0.914 to +0.902. The number of reliable correlations between B. Tyler's index, selection index “СІ4”, fattening, and meat qualities of young pigs of the experimental group is 100%. The criterion for selecting highly productive sows and boars based on the fattening and meat qualities of their offspring is the conformity of the animals of the specified production groups in terms of development and productivity to the elite class; the value of B. Tyler's index ranges from 201.16 to 232.84, the selection index “СІ4” – 47.35 to 75.21 points.

Tunable broadband luminescence of Bi‐ion‐doped glasses via Gd2O3 co‐doping

AbstractThe doping of bismuth (Bi) ions in borosilicate glasses has gained attention for its potential applications in LED light sources and imaging displays. Here, gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) was introduced into the glass matrix in varying concentrations using a high‐temperature melting method to investigate its impact on the luminescence properties of Bi ions. The resulting glass exhibited bimodal emission peaks at 465 and 750 nm when excited with 325 nm light. The luminescence intensity and fluorescence half width at half height initially increased, followed by a subsequent decrease as the Gd2O3 content in the glass increased from 10 to 43 mol%. Additionally, the color of the luminescence transformed from purple–red to green under white light irradiation. The composition and excitation wavelength of the glass can be adjusted to achieve selective tuning of the luminescence.

A Theoretical Study of the Phase Transition in the Binding of DNA with Mithramycin

In the present investigation, we report the theoretical analysis of mithramycin A (MTA) and mithramycin SK (MSK) binding to salmon testes DNA utilizing a modified Zimm and Bragg theory to explain the melting behavior and heat capacity of the DNA before and after drug binding. The sensitivity parameter and half width were employed in tandem to analyze the melting transition’s sharpness. According to the results, a number of metrics, including transition profile, sharpness of transition, heat capacity curve, and half widths, were in good agreement with the experimental observations. The development of novel medications would be made easier by having a better understanding of the molecular interactions between pharmaceuticals and DNA. This theoretical investigation brings us a step closer to the objective of comprehending the stability of nucleic acid interactions with medications and has potential applications in the biomedical industry.

Study the Optical Properties of Noble Metal (Au, Ag, and Cu) Thin Film Biosensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance Performance by a Simulation Program

In this work, we studied the effect noble metal thicknesses, namely gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) characteristics for sensitive optical sensor and biosensor applications. SPR spectra for Au, Ag and Cu were widely studied in the Fresnel equation to calculate the total reflection, the wavelength ([Formula: see text] range from 500 nm to 700 nm with the angle of incidence ([Formula: see text] ranging from 0[Formula: see text] to 90[Formula: see text] and thickness of the film ([Formula: see text] reaching from 30 nm to 70 nm. Analysis simulation (in MATLAB) has been made for SPR of three metals placed on the N_LASF9 glass prism and the sensing medium is the air. The properties of the angle of resonance [Formula: see text] have been calculated from plotted reflectance via incident angle [Formula: see text]. The results give efficient detection in a change of reflection ([Formula: see text] and full half width maximum FWHM. The minimum reflection was obtained (0.003 a.u.) at wavelength 700 nm and thickness [Formula: see text]= 50 nm for gold Au at [Formula: see text] = 0.0. The best FWHM was recorded at the wavelength (500 nm) at thickness (70 nm) for silver at [Formula: see text] = 0.0, which was equal (0.1 nm).

A cooperative strategy for snake robots to overcome the extreme terrain

ABSTRACT The mobility of a snake robot is limited by factors such as its length, mass distribution, and torque output. To overcome these limitations, the cooperation between two snake robots can be an effective strategy, inspired by the hand-in-hand interaction of humans. In this article, the cooperative strategies for the double snake robots are presented to improve their mobility in some extreme environments. In order to achieve the force interaction between snake robots, we introduce a docking strategy, which enables them to cross ditches and climb slopes. We further study these cooperative strategies and demonstrate their effectiveness through experiments. The snake robots can dock with each other and cross ditches with a width of half the length of each robot. Additionally, the robot at the top of a slope can help the robot at the bottom climb a steep slope of 63.2 ∘ , which would be difficult to achieve with a single snake robot.

New characteristic parameter of energy loss in permalloy

Characteristic parameters of energy storage and loss in soft magnetic materials (SMMs), product S of initial susceptibility and resonance frequency and product L of maximum and half width of imaginary part, were introduced in permalloy films. Expressions of characteristic parameters were derived from Landau–Lifshits–Gilbert equation with a general anisotropic free energy model. It was found S = L equals to intrinsic quantity of SMMs , where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio, is the saturation magnetization, and and are mutually orthogonal effective magnetic fields. In the presence of eddy current, it was found S remains equal to Q while L < Q results from inhomogeneity of microwave magnetic field caused by eddy current. Moreover, a linear scale of versus Gilbert damping factor α was found in permalloy films with different thicknesses. Hence, our findings provide a new perspective on energy storage and loss of SMMs.

Influence of the Spread of the Electric Field on Speech Recognition in Cochlear Implant Users.

To investigate the correlation of word recognition with cochlear implant (CI) and spread of the electric field. Prospective, noninterventional, experimental study. A tertiary referral center. Thirty-eight adult CI users with poor (n = 11), fair (n = 13), and good (n = 16) word recognition performance. Transimpedances were measured after 37 μs. Word recognition score was recorded at 65 dB SPL for German monosyllables in quiet. Transimpedance half widths were calculated as a marker for spread of the electric field. Narrow and broad spread of the electric field, i.e., small and large half widths, were observed in all word recognition performance groups. Most of the transimpedance matrices showed a pattern of expansion along the diagonal toward the apical electrode contacts. Word recognition was not correlated with transimpedance half widths. The half width of the spread of the electric field showed no correlation with word recognition scores in our study population.

Effect of aspect ratio on mean flow characteristics of cruciform orifice jet

PurposeThe purpose of this study reports the effects of aspect ratio (AR) on mean flow characteristics of the cruciform orifice jet.Design/methodology/approachThe aspect ratio is the height-to-width ratio of the lobe of the cruciform shape. The aspect ratios considered are 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3 and 4. The turbulent jet flow is issued through an orifice being fitted to the jet tunnel facility. The velocity measurements are recorded with the help of pitot-static tube connected to a digital manometer setup. The Reynolds number calculated using the equivalent diameter 50.46 × 10–3 m and exit velocity 51.23 m/s was 1.75 × 105. Based on the experimental data, the streamline velocity decay plots, the potential core length (PCL), mean velocity profiles and velocity half widths were plotted, and discussions were made based on the measured data. A smoke-based flow visualization was carried out at moderate Reynolds number 5396.FindingsThe PCL remains almost constant for the aspect ratio 0.25:1 and then starts decreasing for the aspect ratio 1:4. The decrease in PCL indicates improved mixing. The off-center peaks are found along the major axis in mean velocity profiles for almost all cruciform jets. More than one axis switching occurs and can be identified by the crossover points. The location of the first crossover point shifts forward, and the second crossover point shows an oscillating trend. The flow visualization exhibits the jet evolution, and the distance up to which the jet maintains the cruciform shape is increased with the aspect ratio.Research limitations/implicationsThe experiments are limited to air in air jet under isothermal conditions.Social implicationsThe cruciform orifices can be used as fuel injectors and in air-conditioning systems, thereby improving efficiency and energy usage.Originality/valueThe aspect ratio effects on PCL and axis switching are used to explain the mixing characteristics. Flow visualization was also used to support the discussion.

Activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 broadens action potentials in human sensory neurons.

Chronic pain is one of the most devastating and unpleasant conditions, associated with many pathological states. Tissue or nerve injuries induce extensive neurobiological plasticity in nociceptive neurons, which leads to chronic pain. Recent studies suggest that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) in primary afferents is a key neuronal kinase that modulates nociception through phosphorylation under pathological conditions. However, the impact of the CDK5 on nociceptor activity especially in human sensory neurons is not known. To determine the CDK5-mediated regulation of human dorsal root ganglia (hDRG) neuronal properties, we have performed the whole-cell patch clamp recordings in neurons dissociated from hDRG. CDK5 activation induced by overexpression of p35 depolarized the resting membrane potential (RMP) and reduced the rheobase currents as compared to the control neurons. CDK5 activation changed the shape of the action potential (AP) by increasing AP -rise time, -fall time, and -half width. The application of a prostaglandin E2 (PG) and bradykinin (BK) cocktail in control hDRG neurons induced the depolarization of RMP and the reduction of rheobase currents along with increased AP rise time. However, PG and BK applications failed to induce any significant changes in the p35-overexpressing group. We conclude that, in dissociated hDRGs neurons, CDK5 activation through the overexpression of p35 broadens the AP and that CDK5 may play important roles in the modulation of AP properties in human primary afferents under the condition in which CDK5 is upregulated, contributing to chronic pain.

A Monte Carlo model of an agility head for a 6 MV Elekta photon beam

IntroductionWith the advance in radiotherapy delivery, the need for a method allowing for a precise dose calculation increased. Monte Carlo modelling of radiotherapy dosages has become an important methodology for the evaluation of dose and beam performance, especially given recent advances in radiotherapy. In this study, an Elekta equipped with an Agility multileaf collimator will be modelled and validated in order to be used in further studies. MethodologyA 6 MV photon beam for the Elekta Synergy linear accelerator with an Agility head was simulated, adjusted, and confirmed using the BEAMnrc/EGSnrc algorithm. Tuning involved comparing percentage depth dose with measured data using different incident electron energies, as analyzed using the gamma index. The best energy so calculated was then used with different full half width maximums (FWHMs) and different angular divergences in order to tune the lateral profiles. Output factors for different field sizes were validated with measurements. Then, the validated model was checked for different depths. ResultsFor PDD comparison, the best electron energy was found to be 6.6 MeV, where the gamma analysis is 100%. A 0.15 cm circle FWHM was found to have the best FWHM. with an angular diverge of 0.03°. The output factors match measured values, proving that the model can achieve a suitably high accuracy. ConclusionThe validated model can be used in advanced radiotherapy dose calculation such as in VMAT, IMRT, and Stereotactic radiotherapy. The model needs to be validated in future studies for smaller field sizes, surface dose, and out-of-field dosimetry.

Single frequency pulsed Er,Yb co-doped fiber amplifier with 2 mJ of output energy

High-energy single-frequency pulsed light with low noise is generated from a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system at 1.55 μm eye-safe wavelength using an ultra large mode area Er-Yb gain fiber. At a pulse repetition rate of 2 kHz, the maximum pulse energy without stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) reaches 2.07 mJ with 375 ns pulse duration for a pump power of 56.4 W. The pulse energy fluctuation is approximately 0.72 % within 21.5 min. The signal noise ratio (SNR) from the single-frequency fiber amplifier, at the highest pulse energy, centered at 1551.1 nm, is approximately 30 dB. The spectral half width of the signal light is calculated to be 1.28 MHz, which is close to the transform limit.

The tidal excitation of r modes in a solar-type star orbited by a giant planet companion and the effect on orbital evolution – II. The effect of tides in the misaligned case

ABSTRACT We extend the study of Papaloizou and Savonije of the tidal interactions of close orbiting giant planets with a central solar-type star to the situation where the spin axis of the central star and the orbital angular momentum are misaligned. We determine the tidal response taking into account the possibility of the excitation of r modes and the effect of tidal forcing due to potential perturbations that have zero frequency in a non-rotating frame. Although there is near resonance with r modes with degree l′ = 1 and orders m = ±1, half widths turn out to be sufficiently narrow so that in practice dissipation rates are found to be similar to those produced by non-resonant potential perturbations. We use our results to determine the evolution of the misalignment for the full range of initial inclination angles taking account of the spin-down of the central star due to magnetic braking. Overall we find the rate of tidal evolution to be unimportant for a one Jupiter mass planet with orbital period ∼3.7 d over a main-sequence lifetime. However, it becomes significant for higher mass planets and shorter orbital periods, approximately scaling as the square of the planet mass and the inverse fourth power of the orbital period.

Parameters optimization of electrolytic plasma polishing of austenitic stainless steel and surface performance analysis

Electrolytic plasma polishing is a new type of surface finishing technology, widely used for high-quality polishing of metals and alloys due to its excellent processability. In this paper, the austenitic stainless steel (302) is the processing material, and the electrolyte temperature, electrolyte concentration, voltage, and polishing time are used as influencing factors. The surface roughness of the material is used as the evaluation index for electrolytic plasma polishing experiments. The orthogonal experimental group is designed to obtain the best process parameters of electrolytic plasma polishing through range analysis, and the influence laws of various factors on surface roughness is studied. The property of the polished sample from the aspects of surface morphology, elemental composition, X-ray diffraction analysis, hardness changes, and corrosion resistance are characterized. The experimental results show that the surface profile of the polished sample has better consistency, and overall it is flat and smooth, with the original scratches are completely removed. The surface roughness is significantly reduced from the initial 0.3–0.076 μm. The content of Cr element has increased to a certain extent, while the content of Fe element has decreased, and surface impurities have been removed. There is no phase transition on the surface of the sample, the diffraction peak intensity significantly increases, the half width prominently decreases, the crystalline grain size increases, and the surface hardness decreases. During electrochemical test, the self-corrosion potential increases, the self-corrosion current density decreases, and the corrosion resistance of the sample surface increases.

2D or not 2D? Mapping the in-depth inclination of the collagen fibers of the corneoscleral shell

The collagen fibers of the corneoscleral shell play a central role in the eye mechanical behavior. Although it is well-known that these fibers form a complex three-dimensional interwoven structure, biomechanical and microstructural studies often assume that the fibers are aligned in-plane with the tissues. This is convenient as it removes the out-of-plane components and allows focusing on the 2D maps of in-plane fiber organization that are often quite complex. The simplification, however, risks missing potentially important aspects of the tissue architecture and mechanics. In the cornea, for instance, fibers with high in-depth inclination have been shown to be mechanically important. Outside the cornea, the in-depth fiber orientations have not been characterized, preventing a deeper understanding of their potential roles. Our goal was to characterize in-depth collagen fiber organization over the whole corneoscleral shell. Seven sheep whole-globe axial sections from eyes fixed at an IOP of 50 mmHg were imaged using polarized light microscopy to measure collagen fiber orientations and density. In-depth fiber orientation distributions and anisotropy (degree of fiber alignment) accounting for fiber density were quantified over the whole sclera and in 15 regions: central cornea, peripheral cornea, limbus, anterior equator, equator, posterior equator, posterior sclera and peripapillary sclera on both nasal and temporal sides. Orientation distributions were fitted using a combination of a uniform distribution and a sum of π-periodic von Mises distributions, each with three parameters: primary orientation μ, fiber concentration factor k, and weighting factor a. To study the features of fibers that are not in-plane, i.e., fiber inclination, we quantified the percentage of inclined fibers and the range of inclination angles (half width at half maximum of inclination angle distribution). Our measurements showed that the fibers were not uniformly in-plane but exhibited instead a wide range of in-depth orientations, with fibers significantly more aligned in-plane in the anterior parts of the globe. We found that fitting the orientation distributions required between one and three π-periodic von Mises distributions with different primary orientations and fiber concentration factors. Regions of the posterior globe, particularly on the temporal side, had a larger percentage of inclined fibers and a larger range of inclination angles than anterior and equatorial regions. Variations of orientation distributions and anisotropies may imply varying out-of-plane tissue mechanical properties around the eye globe. Out-of-plane fibers could indicate fiber interweaving, not necessarily long, inclined fibers. Effects of small-scale fiber undulations, or crimp, were minimized by using tissues from eyes at high IOPs. These fiber features also play a role in tissue stiffness and stability and are therefore also important experimental information.